In early personal computers, attempting to write data to hardware addresses outside the system's main memory could cause hardware damage. The original bug can be far removed from the code that actually triggered the crash. The original software bug that started this chain of events is typically considered to be the cause of the crash, which is discovered through the process of debugging.
Typical causes include accessing invalid memory addresses, incorrect address values in the program counter, buffer overflow, overwriting a portion of the affected program code due to an earlier bug, executing invalid machine instructions (an illegal opcode), or triggering an unhandled exception. Most crashes are the result of a software bug. If the program is a critical part of the operating system, the entire system may crash or hang, often resulting in a kernel panic or fatal system error. On some operating systems or individual applications, a crash reporting service will report the crash and any details relating to it (or give the user the option to do so), usually to the developer(s) of the application. In computing, a crash, or system crash, occurs when a computer program such as a software application or an operating system stops functioning properly and exits. This is the most common form of an operating system failure in Unix-like systems.
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